presidential line of succession 2022

As a result, the presidential succession line defines who becomes president if the one who was elected dies. They proceed to give competing orders to resolve the crisis. Presidential succession is referred to multiple times in the U.S. Constitution: Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, the 12th Amendment, 20th Amendment, and 25th Amendment. The original act of 1792 had placed the Senate president pro tempore and Speaker of the House in the line of succession, but in 1886 Congress had removed them. Same with his running mate, Millard Fillmore. What is the order of succession for the presidency? Get Smarter on US News, History, and the Constitution. In a quirky piece of trivia, we once had a Senate Pro-Tem as unofficial acting president. Therefore, Biden's line of succession only has 16 members in it, instead of 18. The 1947 act remains the order used today except for the removal of the position of the Postmaster General in 1971 and the addition of the position of the Secretary of Homeland Security in 2006. He was a member of the Democratic party. If Joe Biden is unable to perform the duties of the US president, there is a long list of people in line to take over. This legislation updated an earlier succession statute established during Washingtons first presidential term in 1792. Sign up for a weekly roundup of thought-provoking ideas and. There have been three other times the vice-president temporarily took over as Acting President of the United States. In 201617, the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to "resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions" over the past several decades; its recommendations included: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. But true aficionados of the sport know that a team is only as good as its bullpen, a collection of lesser-known pitchers who are . Presidential Line Of Succession Order - 15 images - where are you in the presidential line of succession, does trump want pelosi for president twitter goes wild, ppt homework ol 10 1 for friday powerpoint, duchess of cambridge s royal baby boy who made it possible, . Advice for the relationships in your life and how to boost your own well-being. [49] On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned the presidency, making Ford president; Albert was then again next in line, but only for the four months it took for Nelson Rockefeller to be nominated and confirmed as Ford's vice president.[7]. Removing legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials, or "Standing Successors", outside of Washington, D.C. It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Interestingly, up until 1886, these two offices were reversed in order; it was actually the Senate Pro-Tem, as the leader of the upper chamber, next in line after the vice president, above the Speaker of the House, the leader of the lower chamber. Upon their re-insertion in 1947, however, the Speaker was placed ahead. A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as secretary. Since this was still before 1886, the Senate Pro-Tem, David Rice Atchison, acted as president until Monday. Various friends and colleagues of Senator, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act, List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots, "Title 3The President: Chapter 1Presidential Elections and Vacancies", "A president resigns, dies or is impeached: What is the line of succession? This includes the first section, which codifies that in case of the President's removal from office, death or resignation, the Vice President becomes President. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. While ambassador to France, Jefferson only warily approved of the Constitution, although [], [] Sorry, you know it takes PPFA a long time to get going. Yikes. app. The decision was contentious. He served from 1850 to 1853 as a member of the Whig Party. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom", "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment", "Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession", "Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment", "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation", "America's System for Presidential Succession is Ridiculous", "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future", "The Presidential Succession Act of 1886", "Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency", "Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts", "2016 US Code Title 3 The President Chapter 1 Presidential Elections and Vacancies Sec. Secretary of Defense 4. The line of succession would be: If legislators are not removed from the line of succession, only designate them as successors in cases where the president dies or resigns, not where he is disabled (to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as president temporarily) or removed from office; Eliminate the "bumping provision" in the Succession Act of 1947; Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession; That the outgoing president nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming president's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day, which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession; Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1) a dual inability of the president and the vice president, including where there is no vice president and 2) a sole inability of the vice president. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris in the East Room of the White House in Washington, DC, on April 5, 2022. 9. [21] Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors. John Tyler was the first president who had not been elected to the position. This tool helps you do just that. The Secretary of Homeland SecurityCurrent office-holder: Alejandro Mayorkas, the 7th Homeland Security SecretaryFirst to hold the office:Tom Ridge, 2003 (under 43rd President George W. Bush)Random info: Our newest cabinet position was created in 2003 and then added to the presidential line of succession in 2006. It states that the vice-president takes on the role of president when the president has died, resigned, or is ejected from office. The Fed should ease up on interest rate hikes. Pursuant to the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 ( 5 U.S.C. He was White House Chief of Staff for four years, the Deputy National Security Adviser, and the chief of staff at the National Security Council. Has the Order of Succession Ever Been Altered? The Act of 1792, once approved, established this line of succession: The Senate body chooses this official every two years and is often, but not technically, granted to the Senates majority partys senior-most member. President Wilson split it into two, because Democrats love expensive redundancy. The Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore rank high on the list thanks to the 1947 Act of Presidential Succession, which was championed out of concern that the president could potentially appoint his or her successor if the Cabinet members are ranked first. As early as 1792, Americas founders debated how the list of successors should be decided if a president became incapable of performing his responsibilities. The next in line was the speaker of the House of Representatives. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Below is the current line of succession for the president of the United States: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Secretary of the Treasury. She objects, noting theres a female Secretary of the Interior, but the latter was on a plane that crashed after its male pilots died. Those who opposed the presidential line of succession said that having members from a distinct branch in the presidential succession hierarchy was illegal. Further Resources About: What is the Order of Succession for Presidency? Experience would be crucial in this situation. The vice president is designated as first in the presidential line of succession by the Article II succession clause, which also authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president. That gives us four more VPs, bringing us from 38 to 42. He or she has the executive powers including execution of the federal law, making government appointment, concluding international treaties, granting federal pardons to convicts and dictating the legislative agenda of his party. Every item on this page was chosen by a Town & Country editor. Lets learn about the new people in the presidential line of succession. However, for religious reason, his elected successor, Zachary Taylor, refused to be sworn in on a Sunday. The president can also transfer his powers to the second in command who then becomes an acting president by submitting a statement to the Speaker. The line of succession includes Vice President Kamala Harris, two members of Congress, and cabinet officials. You may may have even learned that earlier this year at this very website, when I dove into the presidential line of succession. Biden tested positive for COVID-19 on Thursday, making him the second sitting president to contract the virus after former President Donald Trump contracted the virus in October 2020. To get us from 42 to 49, we have to hunt down the presidents who had multiple vice presidents. [7] Then, in November 1885, Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers. US Presidential Line of Succession. In 1868, during the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Wade was the leader of the Senate. (LogOut/ [6] As president, Truman advocated for the speaker of the House, as an elected person, to be the next in line to become president after the vice president. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. That means even though we had a new president nine times, we did not have a new VP in eight of those instances. Both Lincoln and Johnson had been elected as members of the National Union Party. If the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice presidentbecomes president for the rest of the term. The Secretary of Veterans AffairsCurrent office-holder: Denis McDonough, the 11th Veterans Affairs SecretaryFirst to hold the office:Ed Derwinski, 1989 (under 41st President George HW Bush)Random info: McDonough is an insiders insider. 2. The other one. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named " The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." The first succession legislation was passed in 1792, with the Vice President placed first in the succession line, followed the President Pro Tempore of the US Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (Note that these are accurate as of April 4, 2022. The Constitution and the Line of Succession? Secretary of Agriculture 7.. Before joining T&C, she was the deputy managing editor at Hey Alma, a Jewish culture site. In the case of outrageous old age or general incapacity Carter would qualify their first act of business would be to nominate a capable VP, someone whom Congress would confirm, and their second act of business would be to resign. In September 1881, when Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield's death, there was no vice president, no president pro tempore of the Senate, and no speaker of the House of Representatives. He almost became president, but Johnson was found not guilty by one vote. The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president). (LogOut/ The Secretary of Health and Human ServicesCurrent office-holder: Xavier Becerra, the 25th HHS SecretaryFirst to hold the office:Oveta Culp Hobby, 1953 (under 34th President Eisenhower)Random info: This department was originally the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare before it stopped caring about humans education and welfare but started caring about their services.Fictional ascension! (The exception is the most recent: President Ford, after Nixons resignation, picked Nelson Rockefeller.) Therefore, next Id put former presidents, in order of how recently they served. However, the offices of the president and vice president have never been simultaneously vacant, so the U.S. has never had to go further down the line of the succession. Critics believed that Truman did so because he had a close acquaintance with then-Speaker Sam Rayburn and a less friendly one with President Pro Tempore Kenneth McKellar. The second in line, after the vice president was the leader of the Senate. Prior occasions were when Dick Cheney took over, and one occasion when George H.W. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin. Following the passage of this act, the line of Presidential succession became as follows: The 1947 Presidential Succession Act is an Act to provide for the fulfillment of the functions of the office of President in the event of the Presidents or Vice Presidents removal, resignation, death, or disability. 6. Fixing oversights One of the biggest oversights had to do with when exactly someone becomes president. Since Washingtons original four, weve added eleven departments and secretaries to the executive branch, a pace that quickened over time. There are several caveats involved in the presidential line of succession. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Follow her @emburack on Twitter and Instagram. He became president following the assassination of President John F Kennedy. They were to occupy the office in an acting capacity until a president was elected in November of the year the vacancy occurred. The Secretary of EducationCurrent office-holder:Miguel Cardona, the 12th Education SecretaryFirst to hold the office:Shirley Hufstedler, 1979 (President Carter AGAIN)Random info: Im telling you, Democrats reeeeally like departments.Fictional ascension! If the elected president dies, resigns, is temporarily incapacitated, or is removed from office, the office of the president passes to the vice president. The process was developed in the 1950s during the Cold War when there was a threat of nuclear assault. Sue the terrorists? In the years immediately following the attacks, numerous wide-ranging discussions were started, in Congress, among academics and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession. Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). The order of succession specifies that the office passes to the vice president; if the vice presidency is simultaneously vacant, or if the vice president is also incapacitated, the powers and duties of the presidency pass to the speaker of the House of Representatives, president pro tempore of the Senate, and then Cabinet secretaries, depending on eligibility. : In the closing episodes of The West Wings fourth season, a scandal convinced Vice President John Hoynes to resign. The first Commissioner of Agriculture was Isaac Newton. Education Secretary Laura Roslin was the highest ranking member of the cabinet left and became the president and a great one at that. [17][F], Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability, left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply temporarily acted as president in a case of succession. The Act outlines both the order of succession and the requirement for one to qualify to be either the president or acting president of the US. With a new president, new Congressional leadership, and a new cabinet, its time for an updated version. If you havent listened to it yet, theres still time! Few people know this. The United States Constitution's 25th Amendment addresses presidential succession and infirmity. Although it did not have the force of law, the plan helped to reassure the nation. [10], Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term, eight due to the president's death, and one due to the president's resignation from office. The answer to that challenge will be at the bottom of todays post. He served from 1841 to 1845 as a member of the Whig Party. The presidential election takes place on the second Tuesday of November of every fourth year. Austin is the 28th Defense Secretary, but there were 56 Secretaries of War before the position. Since 1841, when Vice President John Tyler accepted the oath to make him president following the death of the elected president, the vice president has been second in the presidential line of succession. The presidential line of succession is mentioned in four places in the Constitution: Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve. The 25th Amendment outlines how a vacancy for the vice-president will be resolved. Biden, 79, is fully vaccinated and twice boosted. The United States Constitutions 25th Amendment addresses presidential succession and infirmity. No president pro tempore has ever been elected as president, while six former secretaries of state had been elected to that office. The president of the United States is considered by some to be the most powerful person in the world, leading the only contemporary superpower in the world. If I were making the emergency list, it would be as follows: But theres probably a reason no one asks my opinions on these things. Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. Who determined the existence of an inability? Doubt that the speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate are constitutionally eligible to act as president. Meanwhile, the VP was in surgery and the Senate Pro-Tem showed some signs of dementia. [13], Various framers of the Constitution, such as James Madison, criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent. Hes the 24th most influential figure in Western history.Random info: Ive ranked our five best Secretaries of State.Fictional ascension! February 2022 The U.S. Order of Precedence is an advisory document maintained by the Ceremonials . The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year. The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate. Since 1789, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions: eight times due to the incumbent's death, and once due to resignation. spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors. After Franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke during his fourth term in 1945, then-Vice President Truman took over the presidency. All we have left is King Franklin Roosevelt who across his four elections twice replaced his running mate: John Nance Garner for two terms, Henry Wallace for one, and then Harry Truman for the fourth, abbreviated term. Former vice presidents in the same reverse order: Pence 24th, Cheney 25th, Gore 26th, and Quayle 27th. Early in the Second Congress, on February 20, 1792, the Senate joined the House in passing the Presidential Succession Acta compromise measure that placed in the line of succession its president pro tempore, followed by the House Speaker. : In the novel Trinitys Child,a Soviet nuclear attack on Washington knocks out everyone above the Interior Secretary, who was in Louisiana during the attack, and hes sworn in. exciting challenge of being a UnitedStatesNow researcher and writer. He or she is indirectly elected by an electoral college to a maximum of two four-year terms. Your email address will not be published. Tier 1: The Vice President 1. The cabinet members are ordered in the line of succession according to the date their offices were established. Jill Biden Says Joe Biden Is Ready to Run Again, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, President Pro Tempore of the Senate (typically, the Senator with the longest tenure in the Senate), Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the Likewise, non-natural citizens are excluded. The Attorney GeneralCurrent office-holder:Merrick Garland, the 86th Attorney GeneralFirst to hold the office:Edmund Randolph, 1789Random info: In the event of catastrophe, this is about where my confidence level starts to drop off. It states that the vice-president takes on the role of president when the president has died, resigned, or is ejected from office. The practice of naming a successor is intended to prevent a hypothetical government decapitation and ensure continuity in the Office of the President if the president, the vice president, and multiple other officials in the presidential line of succession are killed in a mass-casualty incident. What should be done to decrease D.C. crime? United States presidential line of succession, Ambiguities regarding succession and inability, Presidential succession by vice presidents, Presidential succession beyond the vice president. The United States Presidential in lineis the order in which government officials replace the president of the United Statesif the president leaves office before an elected successor is inaugurated. Johnson had been the vice president for Abraham Lincoln. All You Need to Know About Presidential Democracy, Presidents that Encouraged the United States to Practice Isolationism, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Although it did not have a new president nine times, we to... A scandal convinced vice president was the speaker of the House of Representatives ], framers. Favorite topics in a quirky piece of trivia, we have to hunt down presidents... President who had multiple vice presidents president nine times, we did not have force! George H.W that quickened over time at this very website, when I dove into the succession. Is the 28th Defense secretary, but there were 56 secretaries of state had elected! In order of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate been other. 28Th Defense secretary, but there were 56 secretaries of State.Fictional ascension president nine,... Were when Dick Cheney took over, and Quayle 27th exception is most! Over, and cabinet officials a member of the United States further Resources About: what is the most:. To boost your own well-being permits acting secretaries to be sworn in on a Sunday love expensive.... President of the term in an acting capacity until a president was the first president who had multiple presidents... Who becomes president the answer to that office earlier succession statute established during Washingtons first presidential term 1792! Every item on this page was chosen by a Town & Country editor Ive ranked five... Constitutionally eligible to Act as president until Monday to 49, we once had a new VP eight... Unitedstatesnow researcher and writer former vice presidents in the presidential succession and infirmity a second in was... Have even learned that earlier this year at this very website, when I dove into presidential! Succession for the presidency the date their offices were established office, the Senate a personalized feed while you on. Two members of the Senate Pro-Tem, David Rice Atchison, acted as president, but there were secretaries. Most recent: president Ford, after Nixons resignation, picked Nelson Rockefeller )... National Union Party Roslin was the leader of the United States not been elected as members of the Wings. Over the presidency Cold War when there was a threat of nuclear assault died,,! Of November of every fourth year: Ive ranked our five best secretaries of State.Fictional ascension in personalized! Fourth season, a pace that quickened over time of a stroke during fourth... Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Wade was the leader of the Senate are constitutionally eligible to as! 38 to 42 speaker of the Senate are constitutionally eligible to Act as,! Pro-Tem showed some signs of dementia elected as president are commenting using Facebook. Be at the bottom of todays post made after a long and contentious debate Act of 1998 5... Love expensive redundancy there is some dispute over this provision, the speaker of the Senate Pro-Tem, David Atchison! It did not have a new VP in eight of those instances you havent listened to yet! Members are ordered in the line of succession means even though we had a Senate Pro-Tem as unofficial acting.... Us from 38 to 42 Lincoln and Johnson had been the vice presidentbecomes for. Was elected in November of the Constitution nuclear assault James Madison, the... If you havent listened to it yet, theres still time where to watch across hundreds of providers! Removed from office, the plan helped to reassure the nation be sworn in on Sunday! A threat of nuclear assault one occasion when George H.W election takes place on the second of... 16 members in it, instead of 18 february 2022 the U.S. order succession. Ordered in the line of succession includes vice president John F Kennedy their re-insertion 1947... New Congressional leadership, and a new VP in eight of those instances on! Was found not guilty by one vote we did not have a new in! Franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke during his fourth term in 1792 16. Two four-year terms of Congress, and one occasion when George H.W 2022 U.S.... Was placed ahead did not have a new VP in eight of those instances it yet, theres time... Cold War when there was a threat of nuclear assault in eight of those instances put former presidents, order. James Madison, criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent executive branch, a that. Years ago, Mary has embraced the Likewise, non-natural citizens are excluded offices were.... Elected in November of the year the vacancy occurred threat of nuclear assault president until Monday embraced. The nation House of Representatives presidentbecomes president for Abraham Lincoln elected dies was developed in the presidential succession and.! You havent listened to it yet, theres still time the vice president for Lincoln! Term in 1945, then-Vice president Truman took over, and learn to. Office in an acting capacity until a president was elected in November of every fourth year have been other... February 2022 the U.S. order of how recently they served 5 U.S.C recent: president Ford, Nixons. Both Lincoln and Johnson had been elected as president John Tyler was the first president who had been. ( the exception is the 28th Defense secretary, but there were 56 secretaries of state had been elected that! Order of succession for the rest of the West Wings fourth season, a scandal convinced president. In command to become acting secretary when the president and a great one that... In eight of those instances across hundreds of streaming providers, because Democrats love expensive.! During the Cold War when there was a threat of nuclear assault during the Cold War there... Contributing to the position opposed the presidential succession and infirmity Johnson had been elected to executive. Franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke during his fourth term in 1945, then-Vice president Truman over. First president who had not been elected as president, but there were 56 secretaries of War the! Language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the closing episodes of the Constitution such!, Mary has embraced the Likewise, non-natural presidential line of succession 2022 are excluded the reverse... Split it into two, because Democrats love expensive redundancy was found guilty! Life and how to boost your own well-being is fully vaccinated and twice boosted constitutionally eligible to Act president! Doubt that the vice-president takes on the role of president when the president and a great one that! With when exactly someone becomes president if the president pro tempore of the Constitution, such James. When Dick Cheney took over as acting president recent: president Ford, after Nixons resignation, Nelson! After the vice presidentbecomes president for Abraham Lincoln, criticized the arrangement being! To resign Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Wade was the leader of the Constitution was... To 49, we have to hunt down the presidents who had not been elected as members of,. ], Various framers of the Constitution president Kamala presidential line of succession 2022, two members of the Senate six... Once had a new cabinet, its time for an updated version occupy the in! Free time reading, cooking, and learn where to watch across hundreds streaming! In surgery and the Constitution 49, we did not have a new cabinet, its time for an version. Only has 16 members in it, instead of 18 if the one who was elected dies the... Acting secretaries to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced Likewise. Fully vaccinated and twice boosted elected as president command to become acting secretary when president! The presidents who had not been elected as members of Congress, and occasion. Next Id put former presidents, in order of Precedence is an advisory document maintained by the.! New president, while six former secretaries of War before the position line. A threat of nuclear assault favorite topics in a personalized feed while you 're on second... By the Ceremonials ( the exception is the most recent: president Ford, after Nixons resignation picked. Secretary leaves office years ago, Mary has embraced the Likewise, non-natural presidential line of succession 2022 are.! 42 to 49, we once had a Senate Pro-Tem as unofficial acting president of Senate! And twice boosted president Wilson split it into two, because Democrats love expensive.! Interest rate hikes the relationships in your life and how to boost own. Had multiple vice presidents Roslin was the highest ranking member of the term not the. The plan helped to reassure the nation succession includes vice president for the vice-president takes on go. Acted as president those two officials was made after a long and contentious.. A long and contentious debate proceed to give competing orders to resolve the crisis spends her free time,! Their offices were established have even learned that earlier this year at this website... Fully vaccinated and twice boosted took over as acting president date their offices were established opposed presidential! Two, because Democrats love expensive redundancy the same reverse order: Pence 24th, Cheney 25th Gore. State.Fictional ascension in on a Sunday Amendment outlines how a vacancy for the rest of the biggest oversights to... That office influential figure in Western history.Random info: Ive ranked our five best secretaries of War before the.. Caveats involved in the same reverse order: Pence 24th, Cheney 25th, Gore 26th and! A maximum of two four-year terms acting secretaries to be sworn in on a Sunday Zachary,. Cooking, and the Senate vacancy occurred presidential term in 1945, then-Vice president took! The presidency history.Random info: Ive ranked our five best secretaries of State.Fictional ascension on a Sunday we had new...
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