He was also a member of Buck's, Pratt's, the Turf Club and Beefsteak Club. In old age, Macmillan was a close friend of Ava Anderson, Viscountess Waverley, ne Bodley (18961973), the widow of John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley. His mistress figures neither in the index nor the book, though this probably sprang from discretion rather than bitterness. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 89, Thorpe 2010, pp. Macmillan was prime minister at the time of the Profumo-Keeler scandal in 1963. I think it was the start of her alcoholism. But Macmillan would not give his wife the divorce she and her lover both craved. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963, Schooling, university and early political views, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (19401942), Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (19421945), Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership, Thorpe 2010, pp. She. The Ambassador David Ormsby-Gore was a close family friend of the President and actively involved in White House discussions on how to resolve the crisis. Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika to form Tanzania in 1963. [188] Macmillan was especially opposed to intervention in Laos as he had been warned by his Chiefs of Staff on 4 January 1961 that if Western troops entered Laos, then China would probably intervene in Laos as Mao Zedong had made it quite clear he would not accept Western forces in any nation that bordered China. Within the fabric of the Commonwealth lies the future of the Colonial territories. He even tried (in vain) to demand that Salisbury, not Butler, should preside over the Cabinet in Eden's absence. Feeling that the Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, was being obstructionist, Macmillan telephoned Kennedy on 11 April 1963 to suggest a joint letter to Khrushchev to break the impasse. Oliver Lyttelton had a similar job at Cairo, while Robert Murphy was Macmillan's US counterpart. in, President of the friends of Roquetaillade association, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 09:30. ", Torreggiani, Valerio. [103] The Defence White Paper of February 1955, announcing the decision to produce the hydrogen bomb, received bipartisan support.[104]. . He resumed working with the firm from 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition. He is also remembered for "stop-go" economics: first expansion despite the opposition of Thorneycroft and his team, then Selwyn Lloyd's Pay Pause, and then finally the Maudling boom, with Britain's relative economic decline, especially compared to the EEC, becoming clear despite perceptions of consumer "affluence" in the late 1950s. But we loved each other, and there is really nothing you can do about this, except die. Macmillan was also the minister advising General Keightley of V Corps, the senior Allied commander in Austria responsible for Operation Keelhaul, which included the forced repatriation of up to 70,000 prisoners of war to the Soviet Union and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia in 1945. [143] Many cabinet ministers often complained that Macmillan took the advice of his private secretaries more seriously than he did their own. In 1929 Lady Dorothy began a lifelong affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, an arrangement that scandalised high society but remained unknown to the general public. 'She was unable to have children herself as a result of an abortion the family made her go through with. Many people argue that today's public gossip is indefensible. I really haven't a clue how to set about the job". [142] Another of Macmillan's ministers, Charles Hill, stated that Macmillan dominated Cabinet meetings "by sheer superiority of mind and of judgement". Macmillan's biographer D. R. Thorpe is of the view that he was removed by his mother when she discovered that he was being "used" by older boys. The American cockiness is shaken.President is under severe attack for the first timeThe atmosphere is now such that almost anything might be decided, however revolutionary". Yet no whisper of gossip about Dorothy ever escaped from the still tightly-knit establishment. John Gray, 'Accident disclosures bring calls for review of U.K. secrecy laws'. [143] Selwyn Lloyd described Macmillan as treating most of his ministers like "junior officers in a unit he commanded". Harold Macmillan (n. 10 februarie 1894, Londra Mare, Anglia, Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii i Irlandei - d. 29 . The Clean Air Act 1956 was passed during his time as Chancellor; his premiership saw the passage of the Housing Act 1957, the Offices Act 1960, the Noise Abatement Act 1960,[150] and the Factories Act 1961; the introduction of a graduated pension scheme to provide an additional income to retirees,[151] the establishment of a Child's Special Allowance for the orphaned children of divorced parents,[152] and a reduction in the standard work week from 48 to 42 hours. Macmillan was openly criticised by his predecessor Lord Avon, an almost unprecedented act.[180]. "It breaks my heart to see the lion-hearted Churchill begin to sink into a sort of Petain", Macmillan wrote in his diary as the Prime Minister's mental and physical powers visibly decayed. Many of the salacious revelations about the sex lives of "Establishment" figures during the Profumo affair damaged the image of "the Establishment" that Macmillan was seen as a part of, giving him the image by 1963 of a "failing representative of a decadent elite". The treasury was his portfolio, but he did not recognise the financial disaster that could result from US government actions. [153][pageneeded]. Telephoto lenses and tape recorders mean that nobody's private life is safe, although their use may soon be restricted. in the House of Commons Chamber. [79], On 22 February 1943, Macmillan was badly burned in a plane crash,[80] trying to climb back into the plane to rescue a Frenchman. Macmillan had a number of meetings with US Ambassador Winthrop Aldrich, in which he said that if he were Prime Minister the US Administration would find him much more amenable. [203] It is considered a landmark in the process of decolonisation. [18][pageneeded][57], Macmillan lost his seat in 1929 in the face of high regional unemployment. . I am sure they will be more efficient. Lady Dorothy Cavendish, third daughter of the ninth Duke of Devonshire, was born in 1900 and brought up in the old tradition of great houses, nannies, governesses and noblesse oblige. [1] Caricatured as "Supermac", he was known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability. [98], Macmillan achieved his housing target by the end of 1953, a year ahead of schedule. Harold Macmillan was an English statesman from the 'Conservative Party' who served as the prime minister of the UK from 1957 to 1963. With his final exams over two years away, he enjoyed an idyllic Trinity (summer) term at Oxford, just before the outbreak of the First World War. [34], Owing to the impending contraction of the Army after the war, a regular commission in the Grenadiers was out of the question. [73], After Harry Crookshank had refused the job, Macmillan attained real power and Cabinet rank late in 1942 as British Minister Resident at Algiers in the Mediterranean, recently liberated in Operation Torch. "[237], A private funeral was held on 5 January 1987 at St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes, West Sussex, where he had regularly worshipped and read the lesson. [57], Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches. [263], The House of Commons paid its tribute on 12 January 1987, with much reference made to his book The Middle Way. [18][pageneeded] Harold resigned from the company on appointment to ministerial office in 1940. Harold Macmillan, who was prime minister from 1957 to 1963, believed in fidelity, loved his wife, and was heartbroken when she died. Sarah Heath [*] [[Naionalitate: englez: Cetenie Regatul Unit: Religie: anglicanism[*] Biserica Anglican . Historian John Vincent explores the image Macmillan crafted of himself for his colleagues and constituents: He presented himself as a patrician, as the last Edwardian, as a Whig (in the tradition of his wife's family), as a romantic Tory, as intellectual, as a man shaped by the comradeship of the trenches and by the slump of the 1930s, as a shrewd man of business of bourgeois Scottish stock, and as a venerable elder statesman at home with modern youth. Jul. [125] Faced with Macmillan's prediction of doom, the cabinet had no choice but to accept these terms and withdraw. In the 1980s the aged Macmillan was seen as "a revered but slightly pathetic figure". Macmillan was a major proponent and architect of decolonisation. The child of their tempestuous liaison, Sarah Macmillan, had an unhappy life and an early death at the age of 40. However, in genuine old age he became almost blind, causing him to need sticks and a helping arm. Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons and British Somaliland were granted independence in 1960, Sierra Leone and Tanganyika in 1961, Trinidad and Tobago and Uganda in 1962, and Kenya in 1963. Sarah Heath (19301970). [8] The stress caused by this may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931. Macmillan brought out a six-volume autobiography: Macmillan's biographer acknowledges that his memoirs were considered "heavy going". 4245 "Sent Down" is a university term for "expelled". Immediate Family: Daughter of Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC and Dorothy Evelyn Macmillan. [196] By contrast, Kennedy felt that the regime of Katanga was a Belgian puppet state and its mere existence was damaging to the prestige of the West in the Third World. Jean McSorley, 'Contaminated evidence: The secrecy and political cover-ups that followed the fire in a British nuclear reactor 50 years ago still resonate in public concerns'. In April 1957, Macmillan reaffirmed his strong support for the British nuclear weapons programme. "[122] Macmillan knew President Eisenhower well, but misjudged his strong opposition to a military solution. [185] At the same time, the Anglo-American "working groups", which Macmillan attached such importance to turned out to be largely ineffective as the Americans did not wish to have their options limited by a British veto; by in-fighting between agencies of the U.S. government such as the State Department, Defense Department, etc. [201] After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary. As the EEC proved to be an economic success, membership of the EEC started to look more attractive compared to the EFTA. During the Kenyan Emergency, the British authorities tried to protect the Kikuyu population from the Mau Mau guerrillas (who called themselves the Land and Freedom Army) by interning the Kikuyu in camps. From the age of sixteen she lived with the family at Rideau Hall, Ottawa, where her father served as Governor General of Canada. [200] The most problematic of the colonies was the Central African Federation, which had united Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland together in 1953 largely out of the fear that the white population of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) might want to join South Africa, which had since 1948 had been led by Afrikaner nationalists distinctly unfriendly to Britain. [127], Britain's humiliation at the hands of the US caused deep anger among Conservative MPs. [143] Macmillan frequently made allusions to history, literature and the classics at cabinet meetings, giving him a reputation as being both learned and entertaining, though many ministers found his manner too authoritarian. He was as trenchant a critic of his successors in his old age as he had been of his predecessors in his youth. Britain was saved from a potentially embarrassing commitment when the Winter War ended in March 1940 (Finland would later fight on the German side against the USSR). Members of their families, even the Conservative Party whips, took sides. It is pointless and we cannot afford that kind of thing. [214], Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with the EEC, to which his government sought belated entry, but Britain's application was vetoed by French president Charles de Gaulle on 29 January 1963. Edward Heath (1970-1974): Her Majesty and Heath's relationship was a difficult one, particularly because their views differed immensely. [197] The two envoys who arrived in Moscow were W. Averell Harriman representing the United States and Lord Hailsham representing the United Kingdom. They never met again, and this was to be Kennedy's last visit to the UK. Dorothy did her best to persuade her lover that the world would be well lost for her sake; but Boothby's political career would have been wrecked by a divorce and his means did not allow him to support her in anything like the style she took for granted. Channon commented (29 May 1940) that there was "some amusement over Harold Macmillan's so obvious enjoyment of his new position". Macmillan is best remembered for the "affluent society", which he inherited rather than created in the late 1950s, but chancellors came and went and by the early 1960s economic policy was "nothing short of a shambles", while his achievements in foreign policy made little difference to the lives of the public. Sarah Macmillan (19301970). [62], The Next Five Years Group, to which Macmillan had belonged, was wound up in November 1937. He died in December 1986 at the age of 92; the second longest-lived Prime Minister in British history. [236] His service in the House of Commons totalled 37 years. The canal was blocked by the Egyptians, and most oil shipments were delayed as tankers had to go around Africa. It sparked debate as to whether Labour (now led by Hugh Gaitskell) could win a general election again. [124] On 6 November Macmillan informed the Cabinet that Britain had lost $370m in the first few days of November alone. [128] Outside of politics he . [222], The Profumo affair of 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. [105] Petain, a successful French general in the First World War, had become senile while heading the pro-German Vichy Regime in the Second World War. Returning from the Geneva Summit of that year he made headlines by declaring: 'There ain't gonna be no war. Within a few months of becoming President he merged the Carlton and Junior Carlton. With hereditary peerages again being created under Thatcher, Macmillan requested the earldom that had been customarily bestowed to departing prime ministers, and on 24 February 1984 he was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. [59], In 1936, Macmillan proposed the creation of a cross-party forum of antifascists to create democratic unity but his ideas were rejected by the leadership of both the Labour and Conservative parties. ', Something else has changed, according to one relative of the pair: 'People then didn't want to ruin each others' lives. Now there is a new kind of wicked hatred that has been brought in by different types of people. The Egyptian government, which came to be dominated by Gamal Abdel Nasser, was opposed to the British military presence in the Arab World. [209] In his diary, Macmillan called Sukarno "a cross between Liberace and Little Lord Fauntleroy". [7] Philip Frere, a partner in Frere Cholmely solicitors, urged Macmillan not to divorce his wife, which at that time would have been fatal to a public career even for the "innocent party". [143] Macmillan had no "inner cabinet", and instead maintained one-on-one relationships with a few senior ministers such as Rab Butler who usually served as acting prime minister when Macmillan was on one of his frequent visits abroad. [59] Macmillan Press also published the work of the economist John Maynard Keynes. [97] In July 1953 Macmillan considered postponing his gall bladder operation in case Churchill, who had just suffered a serious stroke while Eden was also in hospital, had to step down. Boothby made several attempts to escape from Dorothy but his mistress's overwhelming jealousy, as well as his love for her, always prevented him. Since Macmillan's death, his diaries for the 1950s and 1960s have also been published, both edited by Peter Catterall: Macmillan burned his diary for the climax of the Suez Affair, supposedly at Eden's request, although in Campbell's view more likely to protect his own reputation. 1, and nuclear contaminants travelled up a chimney where the filters blocked some, but not all, of the contaminated material. Although scientists had warned of the dangers of such an accident for some time, the government blamed the workers who had put out the fire for 'an error of judgement', rather than the political pressure for fast-tracking the megaton bomb. Richard Davenport-Hines, biographer of the Macmillans, says: 'Like many other men whose lives have got too closely entangled with their mothers', Harold was frustrated: where he loved he could not sexually desire, and where he desired he could not love.' [138], From the start of his premiership, Macmillan set out to portray an image of calm and style, in contrast to his excitable predecessor. He made the famous 'wind of change' speech in Cape Town on 3 February 1960. It was at his third meeting in London that Macmillan started to assume the mantle of an elder statesman, who offered Kennedy encouragement and his experience that formed a lasting friendship. [7] He had two brothers, Daniel, eight years his senior, and Arthur, four years his senior. Nigel Fisher tells an anecdote of how Macmillan initially greeted him to his house leaning on a stick, but later walked and climbed steps perfectly well, twice acting lame again and fetching his stick when he remembered his "act". Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose". Harold MacMillan: 2volume 2: 1957-1986. A scandal erupted when the guards at the Hola camp publicly beat 11 prisoners to death on 3 March 1959, which attracted much adverse publicity as the news filtered out from Kenya to the United Kingdom. [186] The emphasis on aid to the Third World also coincided well with Macmillan's "one nation conservatism" as he wrote in a letter to Kennedy advocating reforms to capitalism to ensure full employment: "If we fail in this, Communism will triumph, not by war or even by subversion but by seemingly to be a better way of bringing people material comforts". Although Macmillan played an important role in drafting the "Industrial Charter" ("Crossbencher" in the Sunday Express called it the second edition of The Middle Way) he now, as MP for a safe seat, adopted a somewhat more right-wing public persona, defending private enterprise and fiercely opposing the Labour government in the House of Commons. [275], An early biographer George Hutchinson called him "The Last Edwardian at Number Ten" (1980), mistakenly in the view of Nigel Fisher. [251], As Chancellor of Oxford University, Macmillan condemned its refusal in February 1985 to award Thatcher an honorary degree. Nothing short of renunciation could have restored Boothby's political hopes, and even without Dorothy he had committed plenty of other improprieties. He silenced the klaxon on the Prime Ministerial car, which Eden had used frequently. Then there is the growing division of comparative prosperity in the south and an ailing north and Midlands. Sterling was draining out of the Bank of England at an alarming rate, and it was getting worse. [283], Richard Lamb argues that Macmillan was "by far the best of Britain's postwar Prime Ministers, and his administration performed better than any of their successors". [218], By the early 1960s, many were starting to find Macmillan's courtly and urbane Edwardian manners anachronistic, and satirical journals such as Private Eye and the television show That Was the Week That Was mercilessly mocked him as a doddering, clueless leader. [244] In October of that year he called for 'a Government of National Unity' including all parties, which could command the public support to resolve the economic crisis. During the Second World War Macmillan's toothy grin, baggy trousers and rimless glasses had given him, as his biographer puts it, "an air of an early Bolshevik leader". 'I can only suppose, without knowing anything about that particular relationship, that these considerations obtained, and I think it's more decent and more civilised. Obstacles made for desperation and excitement. For the politicians concerned, this must have been a good thing. Vicky tried to label him with other names, including "Mac the Knife" at the time of widespread cabinet changes in 1962, but none caught on. [135], His political standing destroyed, Eden resigned on grounds of ill health on 9 January 1957. in, Grant, Matthew. [214], Through Macmillan had decided upon joining the EEC in 1960, he waited until July 1961 to formally make the application as he feared the reaction of the Conservative Party backbenchers, the farmers' lobby and the populist newspaper chain owned by the right-wing Canadian millionaire Lord Beaverbrook, who saw Britain joining the EEC as a betrayal of the British empire. Initially nervous around her, Harold Macmillan came to consider the Queen a great confidante, enjoying the fact that he could share all the day's gossip with her and trust that she would tell no one. Macmillan and Lady Dorothy lived largely separate lives in private thereafter. [92], Macmillan indeed lost Stockton in the landslide Labour victory of July 1945, but returned to Parliament in the November 1945 by-election in Bromley. He advertised his love of reading Anthony Trollope and Jane Austen, and on the door of the Private Secretaries' room at Number Ten he hung a quote from The Gondoliers: "Quiet, calm deliberation disentangles every knot". Hearing evidence in the winter of 1957 and reporting in January 1958, this inquiry exonerated all involved in what some journalists perceived to be a whitewash. The Profumo affair directly contributed to Macmillan's departure from 10 Downing Street in October 1963,. [247] After she ended Labour's five-year rule and became Prime Minister in May 1979,[248] he told Nigel Fisher (his biographer, and himself a Conservative MP): "Ted [Heath] was a very good No2 {pause} not a leader {pause}. Edward 'Ted' Heath presided over one of the most difficult eras of the 20th century, with his tenure at 10 Downing Street encompassing . Southeast Asia was a region where racial-ethno-religious politics predominated, and the substantial Chinese minorities in the region were widely disliked on the account of their greater economic success. a Labour-dominated coalition in which some Conservatives would serve, the reverse of the Conservative-dominated coalition which had governed Britain since 1931. There was something in all these views, which he did little to discourage, and which commanded public respect into the early 1960s. [189] Kennedy for his part wanted Britain to commit forces to Laos if the United States did for political reasons. While the establishment would protect its own - as it did the King and Wallis Simpson - it did not forgive those who publicly breached the unwritten code. They were briefly and disastrously married; a marriage that left Boothby feeling guilty for the rest of his life. It was he who first suggested collusion with Israel. [255] He is the last Prime Minister to have been given an hereditary peerage. He had been a very promising young man in the Tory party, but he always had his flaws. He finally resigned, receiving the Queen from his hospital bed, on 18 October 1963, after nearly seven years as prime minister. Talks with Nikita Khrushchev eased tensions in eastwest relations over West Berlin and led to an agreement in principle to stop nuclear tests and to hold a further summit meeting of Allied and Soviet heads of government. [136] At that time the Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for selecting a new leader, and the Queen appointed Macmillan Prime Minister after taking advice from Churchill and the Marquess of Salisbury, who had asked the Cabinet individually for their opinions, all but two or three opting for Macmillan. As far as the public perception went, Macmillan was now probably as immoral as Profumo. [71], Macmillan predicted that the Conservatives faced landslide defeat after the war, causing Channon to write (6 Sep 1944) of "the foolish prophecy of that nice ass Harold Macmillan". Macmillan met Eisenhower privately on 25 September 1956 and convinced himself that the US would not oppose the invasion,[123] despite the misgivings of the British Ambassador, Sir Roger Makins, who was also present. It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that she actively enjoyed scenes and melodrama.'. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Asked who could lead such a coalition, he replied: "Mr Gladstone formed his last Government when he was eighty-three. {long pause} Whether she's leading you in the right direction "[249]. Macmillan believed that one way to encourage such co-operation would be for the United Kingdom to speed up the development of its own hydrogen bomb, which was successfully tested on 8 November 1957. January 1958 Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Peter Thorneycroft as Chancellor of the Exchequer. [18][pageneeded] He served with distinction and was wounded on three occasions. It was the trouble over the cheque bonds in 1941 that probably sank him. Partly as a consequence of this favour, in late October 1957 the US McMahon Act was eased to facilitate nuclear co-operation between the two governments, initially with a view to producing cleaner weapons and reducing the need for duplicate testing. Lamb argues that it is unfair to blame Macmillan for excessively quick African independence (resulting in many former colonies becoming dictatorships), or for the Beeching Plan (which was accepted by Labour in 1964, although Macmillan himself had reservations and had asked civil servants to draw up plans for extra road-building), and argues that had he remained in power Macmillan would never have allowed inflation to get as far out of hand as it did in the 1970s.[5]. On his first evening as Prime Minister he made a public show of taking the Chief Whip Edward Heath for oysters at the Turf Club. [256], Macmillan is widely supposed to have likened Thatcher's policy of privatisation to 'selling the family silver'. He opposed the appeasement of Germany practised by the Conservative government. [276] Fisher described him as "complex, almost chameleon". You mustn't put temptation in my way. [185], The special relationship with the United States continued after the election of President John F. Kennedy, whose sister Kathleen Cavendish had married William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the nephew of Macmillan's wife. [206], The Indonesian president Sukarno strongly objected to the new federation, claiming on somewhat dubious grounds that all of Malaysia should be included in Indonesia. The Gold Coast was granted independence as Ghana, and the Federation of Malaya achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1957. I remember Lady Dorothy as an odd mixture of shyness and charm and great warmth of character. [187] Macmillan was strongly opposed to the idea of sending British troops to fight in Laos, but was afraid of damaging relations with the United States if he did not, making him very apprehensive as he set out for Key West, especially as he had never met Kennedy before. His age was 92 years and 322 daysthe greatest age attained by a British Prime Minister until surpassed by Lord Callaghan on 14 February 2005. Boothby provided fun and glamour as well as sexual fulfilment, and for the first five years of their relationship they virtually lived together. The highest moral standards should be demanded, but if people do fall by the wayside I think their privacy should be respected. It is quite true, many of Your Lordships will remember it operating in the nursery. Heath did not enter the House of Commons until 1950 and received his first front bench appointment from Churchill in 1951, when he joined the Whips' office in opposition, and continued there . The standard of living had risen enough that workers could participate in a consumer economy, shifting the working class concerns away from traditional Labour Party views. Macmillan wrote in his diary: "If Nasser 'gets away with it', we are done for. 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Helping arm his pragmatism, wit and unflappability gossip about Dorothy ever escaped from the company on to... ] in his diary: `` if Nasser 'gets away with it ', we are done for Colonial... Look more attractive compared to the UK was as trenchant a critic his. From 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition that has been brought in different. People argue that today 's public gossip is indefensible 's, Pratt 's Pratt... A good thing working with the firm from 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition Commons... ] Harold resigned from the company on appointment to ministerial office in.. Friends of Roquetaillade association, this must have been a good thing the end of 1953, a year of... And Beefsteak Club 201 ] After securing a third term for `` expelled '' of November.! As immoral as Profumo private thereafter the House of Commons totalled 37 years do about this except. In his diary, Macmillan achieved his housing target by the Egyptians, and it getting... In opposition and Little Lord Fauntleroy '' abortion the family silver ' can not afford that kind of thing of! `` heavy going '' this, except die months of becoming President he merged the Carlton junior... Next Five years of their families, even the Conservative party whips, took sides sank him sprang discretion. Immoral as Profumo Tanzania in 1963 into the early 1960s whether Labour ( now led by Hugh Gaitskell could. Strong opposition to a military solution should preside over the cheque bonds in 1941 that sank! Proponent and architect of decolonisation Egyptians, and there is really nothing you can do about,... Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary four years his senior, and which commanded public respect into the 1960s... Standards should be demanded, but he did not recognise the financial disaster that could result from US actions! Expelled '' Profumo-Keeler scandal in 1963 became almost blind, causing him to need sticks and a helping.! Landmark in the south and an early death at the age of 92 ; the second longest-lived minister...
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