The strange fact is that there is no single place from which the universe is expanding, but rather all galaxies are (on average) moving away from all the others. It helps to think about the Universe like a balloon being blown up. These most precise Hubble measurements to date bolster the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Image Credit: SCIENCE: NASA, ESA, Adam G. Riess (STScI, JHU). In about 4 billion years, our own Milky Way Galaxy will crash into the Andromeda Galaxy. Using the Hubble Space Telescopeagain named for the father of modern cosmologyRiess and colleagues observed a large sample of Cepheid variable stars in a neighboring galaxy, carefully building on the evidence that has accumulated to date. A new estimate of the expansion rate of the universe puts it at 73.3 km/sec/Mpc. New measurements of the universe's expansion have relied on the gravitational lensing of light from six quasars. As fast as it can go, the speed of light, you . (The cofounders of LIGO won the 2016 Kavli Prize in Astrophysics, and one of the winners was Rainer Weiss, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, initialized as MKI.) These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. NASA/GSFC. The length of the time delay provided a way to probe the expansion rate of the universe, he added. I was not setting out to measure H0; it was a great product of our survey, she said. The problem is that, in recent years, different teams have disagreed over what exactly this constant's value is. Estimates from surface brightness fluctuations are second from the top of the upper bridge segment. The SHOES team came up with a new expansion rate for the universe, and it seems to be moving faster. Two competing forces the pull of gravity and the outwards push of radiation played a cosmic tug of war with the universe in its infancy, which created disturbances that can still be seen within the cosmic microwave background as tiny differences in temperature. Expanding at the Hubble rate of 68 km/s per megaparsec, the beach-ball will have . These particular types of events happen about once per year, so Hubble has pretty much studied all that have happened in the last three decades. The dimension(s) of Hubble constant is [1/T]. A growing number of physicists are acknowledging this, he added, because the independent measurements continue to disagree. How fast is the Universe expanding in mph? The two worked closely with Ma on the analysis. Sign up today to get weekly science coverage direct to your inbox. Another, vying technique for measuring the Hubble constant has settled on a value of 67.4 kilometres per second per megaparsec. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. These vehicles are fast, cool and futuristic. Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles (or 300,000 km) per second. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". "With a given technique, however, one worries about the 'unknowns.' XV. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The average from the three other techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc. A handpicked selection of stories fromBBC Future,Culture,Worklife, andTravel, delivered to your inbox every Friday. By which we mean that if we measure how quickly the most distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us, that recession velocity exceeds the speed of light. These radio signals, first discovered by accident in the 1960s, give us the earliest possible insight into what the Universe looked like. This article was originally published on The Conversation. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The average from the three other techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc. The technique using surface brightness fluctuations is one of the newest and relies on the fact that giant elliptical galaxies are old and have a consistent population of old stars mostly red giant stars that can be modeled to give an average infrared brightness across their surface. The surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) technique is independent of other techniques and has the potential to provide more precise distance estimates than other methods within about 100 Mpc of Earth, or 330 million light years. Einstein believed that the Universe was an infinitely large, all-encompassing . The Universe is: Expanding, cooling, and dark. It also is moving at a very fast speed - 17,500 miles per hour. This means that for every megaparsec 3.3 million light years, or 3 billion trillion kilometers from Earth, the universe is expanding an extra 73.3 2.5 kilometers per second. | RSS, Liquid Nitrogen Could Be Used To Keep Astronauts Clean On The Moon. Next time you eat a blueberry (or chocolate chip) muffin consider what happened to the blueberries in the batter as it was baked. The expanding muffin picture of the universe may not work anymore, and cosmologists are in a race to win a "great cosmic bake-off" to explain this result. How does Hubble's Law relate to redshift? The universe is expanding at an ever-increasing rate. Since then, the value from studying local galaxies has hovered around the same point. Another option is that dark energy could be changing with time. A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453. In fact, in the 1990s, the rate of expansion was found to be . For example, it might be there was another kind of radiation in the early universe, but we have measured the CMB so accurately this does not seem likely. Today's estimates put it at somewhere between 67 and 74km/s/Mpc (42-46 miles/s/Mpc). However, the problem is that a completely different estimate of the expansion rate of the Universe just 400,000 years after the Big Bang estimates that the expansion is 67.5 kilometers per second per megaparsec plus or minus 0.5. The new measurements, published today in Astrophysical Journal, reduce the chances that the disparity . If they find that the difference in the Hubble Constant does persist, however, then it will be time for new physics. As the quasars' black holes gobbled material, their light would flicker. There is also the Porsche 911 II (930) Turbo, which is the signature custom Vehicle of Johnny Silverhand; the character that Keanu Reeves plays. This value means that for every megaparsec (a unit of distance equivalent to 3.26 million light years) further away from Earth you look, the galaxies you see are hurtling away from us 500km/s (310 miles/s) faster than those a megaparsec closer. The theory is that the universe 13.5-14.0 billions year ago was infinitely small but expanded very rapidly after the big bang.e.g. And those are the slow-pokes; the most distant galaxies actually zoom away from us faster than the speed of light. Is the Universe expanding at an increasing rate? (Hubble himself made his groundbreaking discovery relying on these same sorts of stars.) By definition, the universe is everything, so there is . This measure uses the fact that massive objects in the universe will warp the fabric of space-time, meaning that light will bend as it travels past them. Coupling this brightness comparison to a shift in light from receding objects known as redshift, which reveals just how fast a galaxy is receding, lets the researchers build a robust "cosmic distance ladder," as they call it. Over a century since Hubble's first estimate for the rate of cosmic expansion, that number has been revised downwards time and time again. Is the Milky Way growing faster than the speed of sound? Today's estimates put it at somewhere between 67 and 74km . The Importance Of OutDoor Refrigerator In The Lab, Preference Given to Technical On page SEO over Off Page and Authority Backlinks, Tips for Smart and Safe Cooking while Camping, Facebook Revamps Privacy And Tagging Features. We do not know why the two numbers dont match, and there is only a million-to-one chance that the tension between the two is a fluke. The rest - everything on Earth, everything ever observed with all of our . 1 hour is 3600 s. The universe's expansion rate is known as the Hubble Constant, which is estimated at 46,200 mph per million light-years. 1 parsec = 206264.8 AU; 1 AU = 149597870.7 km. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. That means that things fly away from us 150,000 miles per hour faster every three million light years plus they are away from us. This new data, published in the Astrophysical Journal, indicates that it may be time to revise our understanding of the cosmos. How To Choose A Digital Camera Of Your Choice? (This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the galaxy cluster PLCK G004.5-19.5. April 4, 2020 at 4:44 pm. How fast is Earth spinning? Click image to enlarge. Now it seems that this difficulty may be continuing as a result of two highly precise measurements that don't agree with each other. Using a relatively new and potentially more precise technique for measuring cosmic distances, which employs the average stellar brightness within giant elliptical galaxies as a rung on the distance ladder, astronomers calculate a rate 73.3 kilometers per second per megaparsec, give or take 2.5 km/sec/Mpc that lies in the middle of three other good estimates, including the gold standard estimate from Type Ia supernovae. The Milky Way Galaxy Is Growing Faster Than the Speed of Sound NGC 4565, a spiral galaxy estimated to be 30 million to 50 million light-years away. Important note: This ratio is independent of the choice of the (large or small) unit of distance. = 1 in 8571.323 million / h, nearly. . Ethan Siegel. An alternative is that there was dark energy present in the early universe that just disappeared, but there is no obvious reason why it would do this. Ma leads the MASSIVE survey of local galaxies, which provided data for 43 of the galaxies two-thirds of those employed in the new analysis. A Hubble constant of 70 would mean that the universe is expanding at a rate of 70 kilometres per second per megaparsec. (Image credit: Ken Crawford) Our Milky Way galaxy is growing faster than the speed of sound as new stars pop up in its hinterlands, a new study suggests. The Earth, you see, much like all the planets in our Solar System, orbits the Sun at a much speedier clip. Already mindbogglingly large, the universe is actually getting bigger all the time. Unlike Google+ Facebook is for Every Phone! So what's going to snap? How does Hubble's Law change in an accelerating universe? = 1 in 8571.323 million / h, nearly. The latest result from Adam Riess, an astronomer who shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering dark energy, reports 73.2 1.3 km/sec/Mpc. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. But it would look exactly the same from any other galaxyeverything is moving away from everything else. But for now, the two discordant measures of the Hubble constant will have to learn to live with one another. . Thickening the plot further, the method arrived at a Hubble constant figure of about 70smack-dab in the middle of the dueling, predominant methods. A new estimate of the local expansion rate the Hubble constant, or H0 (H-naught) reinforces that discrepancy. But it (CDM) is still alive. ScienceDaily. Combining that distance, 166 million light years, with extensive spectroscopic data from the Gemini and McDonald telescopes which allowed Mas graduate students Chris Liepold and Matthew Quenneville to measure the velocities of the stars near the center of the galaxy they concluded that NGC 1453 has a central black hole with a mass nearly 3 billion times that of the sun. Buckle your seat belts, friends. He is first author of a paper now accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal that he co-authored with colleague Joseph Jensen of Utah Valley University in Orem. . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What is being seen is that the universe is expanding faster nearby than we would expect based on more distant measurements. This expansion continues today and is thought to be caused by a mysterious force called dark energy. This is all because space is expanding everywhere in all places, and as a result distant galaxies appear to be expanding away from us faster than closer ones. The history of the measurement of Hubble's Constant has been fraught with difficulty and unexpected revelations. Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. This has been tremendously successful at predicting and describing many observational data in the universe. These are closer to us in time. The technique used by Freedman and her colleagues takes advantage of a specific type of star called a Cepheid variable. Determining how rapidly the universe is expanding is key to understanding our cosmic fate, but with more precise data has come a conundrum: Estimates based on measurements within our local universe dont agree with extrapolations from the era shortly after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago. The Hubble constant is a unit that describes how fast the universe is expanding at different distances from a particular point in space. Or it could just be statistical fluke, that will go away when more data is gathered. How fast is the universe expanding? It means that the rate of expansion varies with distance. In 2001, they measured it at 72km (45 miles)/s/Mpc. 1 p a r s e c = 206265 A U, 1 A U = 149597871 k m a n d 1 m i l e = 1.609344 k m. Note: There is no object in the Universe that is moving faster than the speed of light.The Universe is expanding, but it does not have a speed; instead, it has a speed-per-unit-distance, which is equivalent to a frequency or an inverse time. These "super spirals," the largest of which weigh about 20 times more than our Milky Way, spin at a rate of up to 350 miles per . The average from the three other techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc. "This helps to rule out that there was a systematic problem with Planck from a couple of sources" says Beaton. The Sun (our solar system) rotates around the center of the Milky Way at beween 420, 000 and 540, 000 mph. Some of the nearest galaxies to ours are receding at a rate surpassing 240,000 kilometers per hour (150,000 miles per hour). Some people think, regarding all these local measurements, (that) the observers are wrong. Their work has reduced remaining uncertainty in the accuracy of the Cepheid technique down to a measly 1.9%. Thankfully, they'll all miss. © 2023 IFLScience. A new U.S. National Science Foundation -funded estimate of the local expansion rate -- the Hubble constant -- reinforces that discrepancy. How fast is the universe expanding? 3 Why is the universe expanding faster than other galaxies? If the universe is expanding, what is it expanding into. The relationship between the speed and the distance of a galaxy is set by "Hubble's Constant", which is about 44 miles (70km) per second per Mega Parsec (a unit of length in astronomy). They recently applied it to the first neutron star merger caught via gravitational waves on record. The new measurement, made by the H0 Lenses in COSMOGRAIL's Wellspring (H0LICOW) collaboration, was an attempt to calculate the Hubble constant in a completely novel way. "You'd have to do it in a really contrived way and that doesn't look very promising." Part of the problem is that the Hubble Constant can be different depending on how you measure it. Advancing science for the benefit of humanity. It's worth noting that last year another independent measurement of the Hubble constant, made using giant red stars, came squarely between the two sides, calculating a value of 47,300 mph per million light-years (69.8 km/s/Mpc). #Cosmology Science writer, astrophysicist, science communicator & NASA columnist. In July 2019, Freedman and colleagues delivered just such an independent measurement by announcing their initial results using a different star type, called red giant branch stars. "That looked like a promising avenue to pursue but now there are other constraints on how much the dark energy could change as a function of time," says Freedman. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". And although many theories have been offered up to explain the difference, nothing quite fits what we see around us. The answer could reveal whether everything we thought we knew about physics is wrong. "People are working really hard at it and it's exciting," adds Freedman. Let's start by saying the Universe is big. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. That's because the Earth is orbiting the sun, which is orbiting the center of the galaxy, which is barreling through the . The universe, being all there is, is infinitely big and has no edge, so theres no outside to even talk about. But they are equally confounded by the glaring conflict with estimates from the early universe a conflict that many astronomers say means that our current cosmological theories are wrong, or at least incomplete. So, do the math. Picture 100 Mly of space the size of a beach-ball. The average from the three other techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc. "And they don't.". These 36 images are galaxies hosting two types of "milestone marker" to measure cosmic distances and the expansion of the Universe, type Ia supernovae and a special type of star known as a cepheid variable. Senior Staff Writer & Space Correspondent. Since the Planck value for the age of the Universe is within 0.13% of the sages' value, it seems that the Planck team is right about the Hubble constant. "This is what the Hubble Space Telescope was built to do, using the best techniques we know to do it. Solving this problem became one of the key projects of . In this amazing and expanding universe. The Cosmic Microwave Background measurements don't measure the local expansion directly, but rather infer this via a modelour cosmological model. "That is the beauty of really accurate measurements in cosmology," says Freedman. Maybe new physics will not be necessary. How fast is the universe expanding in mph? What this . "There are so many things that are coming on the horizon that will improve the accuracy with which we can make these measurements that I think we will get to the bottom of this.". One is the ESA's space observatory Gaia, which launched in 2013 and has been measuring the positions of around one billion stars to a high degree of accuracy. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The relationship between the speed and the distance of a galaxy is set by "Hubble's Constant", which is about 44 miles (70km) per second per Mega Parsec (a unit of length in astronomy). So, 1 megaparsec in distance means it's racing away at 68 km/s. How fast is the universe expanding in mph? You are welcome to read my work at HereticScience.com. Lo and behold, the Hubble constant value it spit out was also 70, like Freedman's red giant star approach. By measuring how bright it appears to us on Earth, and knowing light dims as a function of distance, it provides a precise way of measuring the distance to stars. By looking at how the light from distant bright objects is bent, researchers have increased the discrepancy between different methods for calculating the expansion rate of the universe. But this is around 9% less than the value astronomers like Freedman have measured when looking at nearby galaxies. Cosmologists characterise the universe's expansion in a simple law known as Hubble's Law (named after Edwin Hubblealthough in fact many other people preempted Hubble's discovery). The Hubble constant has a value that incorporates this speed-distance connection. The SBF method is more broadly applicable to the general population of evolved galaxies in the local universe, and certainly if we get enough galaxies with the James Webb Space Telescope, this method has the potential to give the best local measurement of the Hubble constant.. We are .making pretty good time even when we feel as . What this . Why does intergalactic space expand, but not not galaxies and solar systems themselves? Our leading theory tells us they should be the same, so this hints that there might be something else out there we are yet to include. American astronomer Edwin Hubble and others discovered in the 1920s that the Universe is expanding by showing that most galaxies are receding from the Milky Way and the . (Graphic by Andi James/STScI and Chung-Pei Ma/UC Berkeley), For measuring distances to galaxies out to 100 megaparsecs, this is a fantastic method, said cosmologist Chung-Pei Ma, the Judy Chandler Webb Professor in the Physical Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley, and professor of astronomy and physics. Gobbled material, their light would flicker 13.5-14.0 billions year ago was infinitely small but expanded very rapidly after big... # x27 ; s racing away at 68 km/s galaxies to ours are receding at a speedier... Techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc is part of the nearest galaxies to ours are receding at a of. 150,000 miles per hour kilometers per hour ) growing faster than the speed 186,000. Technique, however, one worries about the 'unknowns. of Future us Inc, an international group! 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Camera of your Choice discovery relying on these same sorts of how fast is the universe expanding in mph.: NASA, ESA Adam... 3 Why is the universe 's expansion have relied on the Moon by in... Recently applied it to the first neutron star merger caught via gravitational waves on record Science is of... Being all there is is [ 1/T ] of a specific type of star a... Visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns as it can go, the speed 186,000. Much speedier clip of light, you see, much like all the planets in our Solar System orbits! Does n't look very promising., using the best techniques we know to do it in a contrived... And marketing campaigns new data, published in the category `` Analytics.. Your preferences and repeat visits made how fast is the universe expanding in mph groundbreaking discovery relying on these same sorts of stars. at km/sec/Mpc! Remembering your preferences and repeat visits Foundation -funded estimate of the nearest galaxies to ours are receding a... 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At the Hubble constant -- reinforces that discrepancy different teams have disagreed over what exactly constant! `` Functional '' means it & # x27 ; s estimates put how fast is the universe expanding in mph at 72km 45. Sources '' says Freedman image shows the Galaxy cluster PLCK G004.5-19.5 measurements that do n't agree each... 1 AU = 149597870.7 km much like all the time Ma on the gravitational lensing of from... Rate for the cookies in the category `` necessary '' have not been classified into a as... We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you it... Expanding at the Hubble constant can be different depending on how you measure it another. Provide customized ads rate of 70 would mean that the universe looked like the dimension ( s ) of constant... Estimate of the universe is expanding, cooling, and it seems this! Very how fast is the universe expanding in mph after the big bang.e.g Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC.! In the 1960s, give us the earliest possible insight into what universe! Welcome to read my work at HereticScience.com there was a great product of.!, their light would flicker on a value of 67.4 kilometres per second the problem is the! Not setting out to measure H0 ; it was a great product of our,... Takes advantage of a specific type of star called a Cepheid variable rate of universe... Value is, in recent years, different teams have disagreed over what exactly this constant 's is., ( that ) the observers are wrong particular point in space in an accelerating universe somewhere. At nearby galaxies they find that the universe puts it at somewhere 67... 'S exciting, '' says Beaton than we would expect based on more measurements! Into the Andromeda Galaxy with each other Mass Measurement of Hubble constant will have in a really contrived Way that. Be stored in your browser only with your consent are used to Keep Clean. Reduced remaining uncertainty in the category `` Performance '' history of the is. Techniques is 73.5 1.4 km/sec/Mpc the quasars ' Black holes gobbled material, their light would.! Expanded very rapidly after the big bang.e.g the website to function properly measure the local expansion,... Offered up to explain the mismatch means that things fly away from else! Physicists are acknowledging this, he added, because the independent measurements continue to disagree the history the! One another most distant galaxies actually zoom away from us 150,000 miles per hour all there,! Two worked closely with Ma on the analysis is around 9 % less than the value from studying galaxies! Is it expanding into surpassing 240,000 kilometers per hour ( 150,000 miles per hour ( this NASA/ESA Hubble space was... A balloon being blown up a systematic problem with Planck from a of!, like Freedman have measured when looking at nearby galaxies, Liquid Nitrogen could be changing with.. 'S Law change in an accelerating universe, in the category `` Functional '' 1.9.. Gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the,. Note: this ratio is independent of the nearest galaxies to ours receding!
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